Soil Composition

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 Soil composition is the complex mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, and air that supports plant life and many forms of organisms. Typically, soil consists of about 45% mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay), which provide the structure and basic nutrients. Organic matter, which makes up around 5%, includes decomposing plant and animal residues, essential for nutrient cycling and soil fertility. Water, occupying approximately 25% of the soil volume, moves through the soil, carrying nutrients to plants and helping to regulate temperature. Air, also around 25%, fills the spaces between soil particles, supplying oxygen to roots and soil organisms. Together, these components create a dynamic environment where nutrients, moisture, and gases are balanced, supporting plant growth and a wide range of microbial and other life forms essential for soil health.

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